Rohingya Refugees Health Problems and Health Seeking

Rohingya Refugees Health Problems and Health Seeking Title: HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF ROHINGYA REFUGEES Abstract Background:  Rohingya refugees are the most vulnerable group due to lack of health care system, personal hygiene, shelter, sanitation and violence. In this study the main aim to find out the health problems health care seeking behavior of rohingya refugee peoples, to identify the socio-demographic information for such exposure group in relation to age, sex, occupation, living areas, to explore the patients physical, emotional, perceptions, attitudes and environmental health problems and to bring out health care seeking behavior of refugees. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. Total 149 samples were selected conveniently for this study from the refugee camps. Data was collected by using mixed type of questionnaire. Descriptive statistic was used for data analysis which focused through table, pie chart and bar chart. Results: The finding of the study showed that 45.6% participants had multiple problems followed by 16.8% participants had other specific problems like muscul oskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems, among the participants 11.4% had this problem, 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation hygiene problems. Among the participants the middle age people had mostly health problems, 68.4% age range between 15-59 years. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received, among the participants 37.6% participants said that they were need better services such as more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine more doctors. Conclusion:  It is clear that refugee peoples suffered from lots of health problems, because there living condition, environmental situation not similar like an independent nations, from being their expectation there was not sufficient enough medicine other services were avai lable, they deserve better services. Keywords:Health problems, Rohingya refugee, Health seeking behaviour, Bangladesh. Introduction: Rohingyas are an ethnic, linguistic and religious minority group of Northern Rakhine State (NRS) of Myanmar. Myanmar government categorized them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and excluded them from citizenship and basic human rights (1). From 1991-1992 a mass exodus of more than 250,000 Rohingya refugees fled persecution in the Union of Myanmar and arrived in Bangladesh, living in temporary camps and completely dependent on outside support from the United Nations (UN), the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (2,3,4). Globally, the total population of refugees is about 9.9 million. The general health status of refugees in various countries is reported to be poor with malnutrition being the major health problem due to lack of access to sufficient food and nutrient intakes. Other health problems among refugees include mental illnesses, intestinal parasites, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/ AIDS, malaria and anemia (2, 5). Infants and young children are often the earliest and most frequent victims of violence, disease, and malnutrition which accompany population displacement and refugee outflows. Rohingyas are spending long period of time in Bangladesh as refugees My life is over. All I want is for my children to have a chance at a better life. Two generations of the Rohingya have said this. The vast majority of their community suffers the same neglect and lack of opportunity that their parents faced at present, there are no specific services available to refugee children with special needs or disabilities. With regards to cases of sexual exploitation of children, there have been reports and cases of refugee minors (females) being harassed, abused or raped by local villagers. A survey found that out of 508 children of under 5 years of age, 65% were anemic and therefore, chronically malnourished (4, 6, 7). Rohingya is a generic term referring to the Sunni Muslim inhabitants of Arakan , the historical name of a Myanmar border region which has a long history of isolation from the rest of the country. It is thought that the Rohingya are of mixed ancestry, tracing their origins both to outsiders (Arabs, Moors, Turks, Persians, Moguls and Pathans) and to local Bengali and Rakhine. They speak a version of Chittagonian, a regional dialect of Bengali which is also used extensively throughout south-eastern Bangladesh (8). Syrian refugees are in need of basic services such as shelter, nutrition, education, medication and health care services. Approximately 1.4 million Syrian refugees are children and the United Nations Childrens Fund has reported that these children are at risk of being a lost generation. Syrian refugees are enduring daily challenges to physical and mental survival. In addition to the extreme needs for physical and nutritional interventions, mental health professionals recognize the urgent need for counseling services based on widespread documented report s of refugees (9, 10). Three meals a day are served in camps, but refugees are not satisfied with the quality of what is served. There are occasional cases of food intoxication. Refugees are not allowed to cook their food in tents because of the risk of fire. Out of camps, the nutritional status of refugees is mostly bad, only limited number of them can have 3 meals a day. In general, they feed on bread and vegetables. A survey conducted at a provincial centre found, among women in the age group 15-49, iron (by 50%) and B12 vitamin deficiency (by 46%) (11). Some of the countries in the region (notably Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal) are host to refugee and displaced populations from neighbouring states, a circumstance that in itself merits attention since it has the potential to cause major political unrest (12). Bangladesh is surrounded by a high HIV prevalence neighboring country at southern part, Myanmar. Teknaf is a small town in the Chittagong Division at the southern tip of B angladesh, separated from Myanmar on the eastern side by the river Naf. This border area is unique for many reasons, including the history of the tens of thousands of refugees that are currently living in squalid conditions on the Bangladeshi side (13). A 19 years old refugee at Nayapara camp sayed that I was born in Burma, but the Burmese government says I dont belong there. I grew up in Bangladesh, but the Bangladesh government says I cannot stay here. As a Rohingya, I feel I am caught between a crocodile and a snake (14). The population of Bangladesh is growing at approximately the rate of l.59 percent per annum the percentage of urban population is 27% while that of rural is 73%. Bangladeshs population growth rate was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country swelled from 65 to 110 million (15). The Rohingya refugee problem has been a longstanding issue and involves the question of an ethnic minoritys identity. The Rohingyas are an ethnic minority group in the northern Arakan (currently Rakhine) state of Myanmar. Commonly known as Muslim Arakanese, the Rohingyas trace their historical roots in the Arakan region from the eleventh century to 1962 (16). Hundreds more Rohingya have been the victims of torture, arbitrary detention, rape, and other forms of serious physical and mental harm. Whether confined to the three townships in northern Rakhine State or to one of dozens of internally displaced persons camps throughout the state, Rohingya have been deprived of freedom of movement and access to food, clean drinking water, sanitation, medical care, work opportunities, and education (17). There is no domestic law in Bangladesh to regulate the administration of refugee affairs or to guarantee refugee rights. New refugees have difficulties accessing health care, their health proble ms may worsen with time.5 Social isolation and disconnection have been shown to contribute to premature death among members of isolated communities (18). In refugee camps medical services are mostly crippled, there is no examination and with the exception of some community health centers (RHU) there is no pregnant women and infant monitoring either, since family planning services for refugees are not available, there are unwanted births and increase in infant mortality, women additionally face risks of gender discrimination, sexual violence, early marriage and miscarriage and birth complications (19). The government of Bangladesh welcomed the Rohingyas and made substantial efforts to accommodate them but the GOB had clearly maintained from the beginning that asylum for the refugees was temporary and encouraged their immediate return, of the original 20 refugee camps that were constructed in 1992 in south -western Bangladesh, among them only two are remain near Nayapara refugee camp at Teknaf and Kutupalong refugee camp near Ukhia, giving shelter to 21,621 refugees, Kutupalong camp officially houses 8,216 refugees and Nayapara 13,405 a s of December 2001(20). Methods: Study Place: The study was conducted at the refugee camp in Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh. Data Collection, Management Analysis The data was collect from the refugee camp in Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh through a standard mixed type questionnaire. The study was conducted at the Nayapara refugee camp at teknaf in Coxs Bazar. About 149 samples were collected from July 2016 to October 2016 in Nayapara refugee camp. After collecting the data analysis is done by SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Science) software version 16.0. Ethical consideration A research proposal was submitted to the public health department of ASA University for approval and the proposal was approved by the faculty members and gave permission initially from the supervisor of the research project and from the academic coordinator before conducting the study. The necessary information has been approved by the ethical committee of public health department and was permitted to do this research. Also the necessary permission was taken from the Camp In charge (CIC), health coordinator medical team leader of the refugee health unit (RHU). The participants were explained about the purpose and goal of the study before collecting data from the participants. Pseudonyms were used in the notes, transcripts and throughout the study. It was ensured to the participants that the entire field notes, transcripts and all the necessary information was kept in a locker to maintain confidentiality and all information was destroyed after completion of the study. The participant s were also assured that their comments will not affect them about any bad thing. Result: Table 1: Distribution of demographic variables among the respondents (n=149) Demographic Variable Gender Gender Frequency Percent Male Female 67 82 45 55 Age Age Frequency Percent 01-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 06 10 14 35 29 23 18 10 2 1 1 4.0 6.7 9.3 23.5 19.5 15.4 12.1 6.7 1.4 0.7 0.7 Educational Status Educational level Frequency Percent Illiterate Literate 112 37 75.2 24.8 Marital Status Marital Status Frequency Percent Married Unmarried Widow 105 20 24 70.5 13.4 16.1 Occupations of the Participants Occupation Frequency Percent Fisher Man 1 .7 Agriculture 3 2.0 Driver 2 1.3 Day laborer 11 7.4 unemployed 42 28.2 Housewife 61 40.9 Student 13 8.7 other (Specify) 16 10.7 Among 149 participants 82 (55%) were female and 67 (45%) were male. Female were predominantly higher than male. Mean age of the participants was 45.52 ( ±19.28) years, mode was 35. The range is 100 with minimum age 02 years and maximum 102 years. Among the participants the higher numbers of the participants were at the age of 35 years and the numbers were 13 (8.7%). The number of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 18 years were 15 (10.1%), à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤60 years were 102 (68.4%) and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥60 were 32 (21.5%). Majority of the participants were illiterate the numbers were 112 (75.2%) and 37 (24.8%) participants were literate those who complete their primary education. Majority of the participants were married the numbers were 105 (70.5%) followed by those who are widow the numbers were 24 (16.1%) and 20 (13.4%) participants were married. Nuclear family were 76 (51%) whereas 72 (49.0%) participants were in extended family. Among total particepants housewife were 61(40.9%), Unemployed were 42 (28.2%), others 16 (10.7%), student 13(8.7%), Day labour 11(7.4%), Agriculture 3(2%) Driver2 (1.3%) and Fisher man1 (.7%). Figure -1: Health problems among the participants (n=149)    In this study 149 participants are gathered as sample, where there mean is 7.39 with standard deviation ( ± 3.28), median 9.0 and the mode was 10. Out of the 149 participants, 68 participants (45.6%) were had multiple problems followed by those had other specific problems 25 participants (16.8%) like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems among 17 participants (11.4%) had this problem, 16 (10.7%) participants had hypertension, 9 (6%) had respiratory tract infection, 5 (3.4%) had nutrition deficiency, 7 (4.75%) had diabetes mellitus and 2 (1.3%) had sanitation hygiene problems. Table 2: Type of health care and health care receive organization (n=149) Type of health care Frequency Percentage Medicine Counseling Laboratory test Referral Nothing Multiple Services 82 2 5 5 6 49 55.0 1.3 3.4 3.4 4.0 32.9 Health care receive organization Frequency Percentage Refugee Health unit (RHU) 75 50.3 Handicap International (HI) 1 0.7 Others 6 4.0 Multiple Organizations (RHU, HI, ACF, RTMI) 67 45 In this study among the 149 participants, 82 (55%) participants took medicine from RHU, 49 (32.9%) received multiple services like medicine, referral, laboratory test others, 5 (3.4%) received both laboratory test referral to other organizations 6 (4%) participants said that they didnt received any treatment from health center And majority of the participants said that they receive health services from RHU, the number was 75 (50.3%) followed by they received health services from multiple organizations like RHU, HI, ACF RTMI and 6 (4%) said that they receive services from others like MSF, health complexes. Table 3: Health care services that meet the demands and the reason for not fulfill the demands (n=149) Health care services that meet the demands Frequency Percent Yes 17 11.4 No 45 30.2 Sometimes 87 58.4 Reason that not fulfill the demands Frequency Percent Not enough medicine supply in the camps 47 31.4 Narrow space in health unit 5 3.4 Lack of doctors 25 16.8 Other 5 3.4 Not enough medicine Lack of doctors 50 33.6 Among the 149 participants, only 11.4% (n=17) participants said they have enough health services to meet their needs, 58.4% (n=87) said that sometimes they have enough health services to meet their needs and 30.2% (n=45) said that they have not enough health services to meet their needs and majority of the participants said they didnt meet needs because there is a lack of medicine supply doctors in the camps the number was 50 (33.6%) and 47 (31.4%) patients said that they didnt meet needs because there is a lack of medicine supply in camps. Figure 2: Expectation among the participants (n=149) Among the 149 participants, 56 (37.6%) participants said that they were need better services, majority of the participants said that they need multiple services includes more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine more doctors, 17 (11.4%) participants said that they need more medicine and 3 (2%) said that they require more referral, laboratory test radiological imaging. Figure 3: Satisfaction level among the participants (n=149) Among the 149 participants, only 16.1% (n=24) participants were satisfied with the quality of service received, 56.4% (n=84) said that they were sometimes satisfied after received services and 27.5% (n=41) said that they were not satisfied after received services. Discussion: The result of this study showed that 45.6% participants were had multiple problems followed by 16.8% participants had other specific problems like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems, among the participants 11.4% had this problem, 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation hygiene problems during the course of the study and also in this study it was found that among the participants the mean age of the participants was 45.52 ( ±19.28) years. The range is 100 with minimum age 02 years and maximum 102 years. Among the participants the higher numbers of the participants were at the age of 35 years 8.7%. The numbers of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 18 years were 10.1%, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤60 years were 68.4% and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥60 were 21.5%, the middle age people had mostly health problems. ÃÆ'-nen C e t al stated that health problems among refugees were frequently seen mostly at the early childhood in adult aged problems, a community based study was carried out by Turkish medical association stated that 25.0%   children had sleeping disorder at the of below 18 years 24.0% have adult persons with the same problems (22). The study showed that, majority of the participants said that they receive health services from RHU, the number was 75 (50.3%) followed by they received health services from multiple organizations like RHU, HI, ACF RTMI and 6 (4%) said that they receive services from others like MSF, health complexes. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received, 56.4% said that they were sometimes satisfied after received services and 27.5% said that they were not satisfied after received services, Among the 149 participants, 32.9% participants said that they were not satisfied because there is a lack of medicine supply in RHU, 13.4% participants were not satisfied because there is a lack of qualified doctor in RHU 38.9% participants stated that in RHU there is a lack of budget, lack of doctor, lack of medicine supply, lack of referral to other organization in timely, not gave proper medicine treatment lack of serial maintain during medicine collection thats why they were not satisfied. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be said that Rohingya refugees are not having rights to live as human being. Considering the importance of nationality crisis of the Rohingya and problems associated with these following steps can be taken: Supplies of adequate Medicine, Increase Doctors and Nurse, Modernized treatment, Increase Childcare hospital, Decrease pollution, Mass awareness of life threatening disease. Acknowledgement: Author acknowledges the Kauvery Research Group for necessary support. Funding: Self funded Conflict of Interest: None References: Azad A, Jasmin F. Durable solutions to the protracted refugee situation: The case of Rohingyas in Bangladesh. J Indian Res. 2013;1(4):25-35. Teng TS, Zalilah MS. Nutritional status of rohingya children in kuala lumpur. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci. 2011;7(1):41-9. The Rohingya Refugee Situation in Bangladesh Evan Coutts American International School / Dhaka Senior Project 2005. 2013;1-37. UNHCR WFP. Report of the WFP-UNHCR Joint Assessment Mission, Bangladesh. Assessment. 2010;(June). Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, et al. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr. 2003;133(12):4143-9 Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Nationality crisis and Rights of Rohingya Refugee Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Sociological Analysis of Children s Rights in Bangladesh. 2014;2011-2. UNHCR. Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees. 2007;(May). Kiragu Angela Li Rosi Tim Morris E. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES States of denial A review of UNHCRs response to the protracted situation of stateless Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. 2011;(December). Karaman MA, Ricard RJ. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugees in Turkey. 2016;6(4):318-27. Eastern M, Studies S. OrtadoÄÅ ¸uStratejiÃÅ'†¡k AraÃ…Å ¸tirmalarMerkeziÃÅ'†¡ Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies. 2015. TTB. War, Migration and Health; Experience of Turkey. Red Cross. Children affected by armed conflict (CABAC). 2000;(September):48-51. Gazi R, Mercer A, Wansom T, Kabir H, Saha NC, Azim T. An assessment of vulnerability to HIV infection of boatmen in Teknaf, Bangladesh. Confl Health. 2008;2:5. Holland MSF, Fronti S, March H. 10 Years for the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Past , Present and Future. 2002;(March):1-45. Socio-economic and family planning aspects of rural people in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A case study of Comilla District. 2014;6(10):348580. Farzana KF. Music and Artistic Artefacts: Symbols of Rohingya Identity and Everyday Resistance in Borderlands. Austrian J South East Asian Stud [Internet]. 2011;4(2):215-36. Genocide IS, In O. Persecution of the Rohingya Muslimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims. 2015;(October). Herald M. Refugee Health- Research Barriers to access to health care for newly resettled Refugee Health Research. 2006;185(11). Sharara SL, Kanj SS. War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(10):e1004438. Cheung S. Migration control and the solutions impasse in South and Southeast Asia: Implications from the Rohingya experience. J Refug Stud. 2012;25(1):50-70. AFAD. Population influx from Syria to Turkey life in Turkey as a Syrian guest. 2014. 2014;(1):152. ÃÆ'-nen C, Gà ¼neÃ…Å ¸ G, Tà ¼reme A, AÄÅ ¸aà § P. Depression and Anxiety Case among in Syrians that Live in a Refugee Camp. The Journal of Academic Social Science. 2014;2(6):223-30.

Safety Program Development

Effective evaluation of the safety program. Increase employers and employees' involvement in worksheet hazard assessment and control by 25%. Reduce accident rate by 25% Pages Appendix 01 â€Å"Safety & health program responsibilities† Appendix 02 â€Å"Job Safety Analysis OSHA)† 12 Appendix 03 â€Å"Sample form for correction tracking† 15 Appendix 04 â€Å"Rout cause analysis† 18 I. Chapter 01 : Management & Employee involvement The overall safety in a workplace is a responsibility of both the employers and employees. The employers need to work together with their employees toward safety improvements.Management must encourage employees' involvement in improving safety. Employees need to inform and communicate with management to what is needed to be done to improve safety. L. A. Being a visible management and taking charge Management must prove their commitment and detection toward achieving a safer environment for their workers. Management musts make thems elves visible by being out there in the working area inspecting how to improve safety. Getting where you can be seen: Be visible when taking parts in any operation in order to be more aware of the working environment and the employees.This way the workers feel appreciated and aware of management good intentions for improving safety. This method can be done formally or informally depending on management participation levels. 0 Being Accessible: Employees need to have chances to communicate to management when necessary without going through complicated procedures. The employers must give the employees an easy two way communication process for reporting situations, comments or any work related issue regarding safety. Sacrificing or cutting authority to obtain accessibility between management and workers is not necessary.Adequate accessibility is as simple as having an open door policy or skipping large formal meeting. Being an example: When rules and regulation are issue management sho uld be the first to follow it showing the workers their participation and dedication. Rules must apply to everyone in the workplace with no exception. Following rules can be as simple as wearing safety equipment, such as, safety glasses. Taking charge: Management must be clear on what is required by their workers. Rules, regulations and polices must be officially stated and written in a clear easy to understand language.In addition, rules and regulation must be enforced with no exception. Management must follow on safety processes and make sure that individuals are performing their responsibilities. Management must not neglect employee involvement regarding safety issues. Workers are the first to be exposed to potential hazards. Workers are the ones who understand what must be done to reduce hazards associate with working procedures. Management need to encourage and increase worker precipitations, making them more aware of their safety roles and expectations.Employees can help manag ement in safety issues by: Participating in Joint labor-management committees and other advisory or specific purpose committees. Conducting site inspections. Analyzing routine hazards in each step of a Job and/or a process and preparing safe work practices or controls or eliminate or reduce exposure. Developing and revising the site safety and health rules. Providing program and presentations at safety and health meetings. Training of both current and newly haired employees. Conducting accident or incident investigations.Management can increase employees' precipitation in safety by: Showing workers management's detection to make the workplace safer and healthier. Adequate leadership from management that leads to employees' commitment. Management must not refuse any worker involvement; get as many help as you can. Reward and recognize workers for their efforts and accomplishments in achieving safety or following rules. Be clear on want you need workers to do (good communication). Giv e workers the resources necessary to perform the Job with the adequate training. Show your seriousness in their work toward safety.II. Chapter 02: Supervision and responsibility to the safety program All personal and acknowledge and understand their responsibilities toward safety. The employer has a responsibility to his/her workers, making sure that they are not exposed to any potential hazards and work in a safe environment. In addition, employers must clearly communicate with workers about their responsibilities toward safety, making ere that no confusion occurs. II. A. Reviewing existing organization Management must understand and be well inform of each individual safety roles in the workplace.Employees' roles in any safety and health program can be identified by using a specific worksheet (Appendix OLL- Page 04). Organizational structure and Job titles vary from one company to the next, but they include general assignments of health responsibilities. Some examples Job titles an d job decryption include: President/owner/site manager: Establish policies – provide leadership & resources – set objectives – assign susceptibilities – hold people accountable – interact with employees – set a good example – review accident reports – provide medical programs – establish safety training programs.Safety and health director/coordinator: Maintain safety & health – familiar with safety laws – aware of all presented hazards and their preventions – evaluation of the workplace' safety – design control & preventive procedures – assist & support supervisors & employees regarding safety – communicate safety rules – review hazard reports – evaluate emergency drills. Plant superintendents/division managers/directors:Provide leadership – maintain accountability – follow up on employees' suggestions analyze the facility for potential hazards  œ follow up on periodic hazards analysis encourage reporting hazards by employees – provide the necessary PEP (Personal Protective Equipment) – maintain safety meetings – help develop emergency procedures. Supervisors: Evaluate worker's performances – encourage precipitation in safety and health programs follow up on preventive maintenance – investigate accidents – discourage short cuts follow safety rules – familiarize everyone with emergency procedures. Employees' responsibilities:Understand all safety rules – responsible for your safety and the safety of other employees – offer safety and health suggestions – get involve in safety – be aware of your responsibilities in an emergency – know where the first aid kit is – report all accidents. II. B. Assigning & determining responsibilities Corporate management roles in safety: Management is responsible to their employees for providing a working area free of any recognized hazards that can causes injury or death. Managements must establish specific goals and objectives that aim to reduce injuries caused by specific unsafe behaviors.Any safety and health program will not be able to go very far without management support. Management must hold employees accountable for their actions. This can be done by rewarding workers for following safety and taking the necessary disciplinary action when they fail to follow safety rules. Management need to obtain constant feedback for determining the effectiveness of the safety program. In addition, management must get involve in the safety program, through attention to workers, precipitation in investigations and following safety rules. The facility manager roles in safety:The facility manager must acknowledge his or her responsibilities to maintain adequate house keeping, establishing safe working procedures and making sure that employees follow them. The shape and physical condition of the facility also plays an important role in achieving safety. The facility manager must make sure that everything is in good condition, taking employees suggestions into active consideration. Workers must obtain adequate training in using PEP and machines operations. Also, the facility manger must educate the employees about the areas' safety rules and polices, making sure that they are followed correctly.The facility manager is accountable to both upper management and his or her employees. The facility mangers must also have significant involvement in communications, obtaining feedback and performing tours around the working area (formal & informal) making any necessary corrections. First line supervisor roles in safety and health: The first line supervisor has more specific goals and objectives compare to other managers. The first line supervisor has various roles regarding safety, since he or she is in first contact with the employees.He or she need to set the necessary standard or achieving safety through good housekeeping and desired safety conditions. The first line supervisor must determine the employees understanding and practice of safety rules and regulation in the work area. Effective safety training of employees and continuous observation from the first line supervisor is essential. Employees' level of safety awareness can be increased by: Setting specific working standards and following them through. Employees' precipitation in safety meeting with their superiors. Following up on safety inspection and making all the necessary corrections.Management recognizes employees' outstanding achievements toward safety. Supervisors must sincerely listen to employees' complaints and suggestions. The employer must provide an adequate Hazard (Hazard Communication Standers) to his or her employees. Information on all the chemicals in the workplace must be easily accessible to workers in case of an emergency. In addition, proper training for chemical handling, s torage and transportation is necessary as part of an ongoing process. Ill. A. Chemical overview, communication standards & hazards Chemical overview: Chemicals can be either in a solid, liquid or gaseous state.Chemicals can be found in drums, tanks, pressure vessels and process systems. Responses to spills or exposure depend on the chemical properties. Material Safety Data Sheets (MASS) and labels on the chemical containers are essential for determining how workers must respond. Hazard communication standards: Chemical handling requires adequate training before any initiations are taken. The training and education must include the following: Knowledge about Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) standards. Knowledge on all chemicals in the workplace and hazards associate with them.Informing workers of the facility written plan to deal with chemical hazards. How to use MASS and labels. How can workers protect themselves and others. Hazards: Physical Hazards: Physical haza rds includes, a sudden violent reaction involving flammable, explosive or reactive materials. Proper handling is the key to deal with physical hazards. Information from MASS can be obtained about storing, mixing or moving chemicals. Physical hazards can be identified as: Oxidized Water reactive Organic peroxide Combustible Health Hazards: Chemicals can cause adverse health effects if workers became over exposed.There are two types of health effects: Acute health effects: occurs over short periods of time due to immediate exposure, they can be minor or serious. Some examples include burning or irritation. Chronic health effects: occurs over long periods of time due to prolong exposure in small amounts. Some examples include cancer, liver disease or lead poisoning. Ill. B. Exposure limits, controlling exposure & Safety on the Job Exposure limits: Exposure limits are governmental standards indicating when overexposure occurs. PEEL – Permissible Exposure Limit: Must not be exceed ed, over an our average rookery.TTL – Threshold Limit Value: Must not be exceeded, over an our average workday. STEEL – Short-Term Exposure Limit: can be safety exposed to over 1 5-minute period. IDLE – Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: very hazardous, must not be exposed to. Controlling exposures: There are several methods used to control exposures to chemicals. Engineering controls can be use to keep exposures below PEEL and TTL levels. Also, maintaining adequate ventilation system can reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals. When exposure can not be avoided, using proper PEP depending on the chemical is essential.PEP are used to prevent exposure through skin absorption, inhalation, ingestion and injection. Chemical safety on the Job: Identify all chemical hazards in the workplace. Know how to deal with chemical in both regular and emergency operations. Treat unknown chemical as hazardous ones. Make sure to use the appropriate PEP by looking at MASS. Ins pect your PEP before and after use. Know the workplace emergency procedures. Know location of emergency showers, first aid kits, fire extinguishers and eyewash. Always secure the exposed area and ask for help. Maintain good hygiene to prevent outside exposures. IV. Chapter 04: Lockout / DugoutThere are energies in the workplace that might be accidentally released and cause serious injuries or death. The employers, with the proper training of workers, must prevent the accidental release of these hazardous energies. This can be achieved through using lockout/dugouts. ‘V. A. What is lockout/dugout & when they must be perform What is lockout/dugout? Lockouts: The employer places a lock on any energy isolating device, making sure it cannot be removed from the closed position. Such devices include circuit breaker or valve handle. Dugout: The employer attaches a written note (warring tag) on the equipment or device that

Top Great Gatsby Literary Analysis Essay Topics Choices

Top Great Gatsby Literary Analysis Essay Topics Choices the Great Gatsby Literary Analysis Essay Topics for Dummies If you're able to understand the way the pattern occurs throughout the book and its significance, then it's going to be easy to think of an essay. In the event you're still puzzled how to compose an outline for your literary analysis paper, you might locate examples online. When you have written a suitable thesis statement, you own a direction for your paper and are all set to start the true analysis. Topics can bet that we double check our essays so that you know you will get original work every moment. These topics may be used to compose an essay or any other academic paper, and you'll be able to read them through and produce your own ideas. Tradeoff hypothesis whenever you have a narrative essay example of our site, financing 8000. To get essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. There are lots of excellent essay collections readily available on the internet. You can rely on the very best essay help online. Essay writing is a skill that you should cultivate as a way to pass your exams. The Introduction The debut of the literary analysis essay outline will set up the entire essay. If you're writing an essay on Frankenstein for the very first time, then our Frankenstein essay topics are going to be a terrific assistance for you. Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a sense whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. The rhetorical analysis definition denotes the art of persuading other people to agree with your point. The intent of an important essay is to assess information, theories or situations. Since you may see, presenting a suitable essay is both difficult and time-taking. After grasping the meaning of what's a literary analysis essay, you must read the bit of literature in question repeatedly. It's interesting that lots of students write introduction after they've written the whole paper. Many students discover that it's quite hard to decide on the topic independently or understand how each sort of literature ought to be structured. A character analysis essay is a good way for students to genuinely become familiar with the characters in a sheet of literature. A rhetorical analysis essay is occasionally an extremely challenging undertaking for students to grasp. Tom, on the flip side, is an excellent supply of love and money that could provide her all the luxuries she needs. Gatsby's relationship with Daisy demonstrates that wealthy people today are definitely the most desirable in our society. While there are lots of undertones concerning different things about which he's unaware, the particular subject of character awareness is the principal thought of the storys plot, ultimately developing into a good theme. Figure out the way the author's worldview and individual opinions are reflected in their work. You also ought to learn some information concerning the author, it is going to enable you to understand his intentions and thoughts better. If you are fortunate enough to select the bit of literature all on your own, you want to ensure it's chosen based on your tastes and interest of the audience. Thus, this lesson will move through every one of those categories to demonstrate how to specify a rubric. Topics can change depending on your majors. Insufficient development for those necessities of the assignment.

Breast Cancer A Disease That Comes Unexpectedly Essay

Breast cancer is a disease that comes unexpectedly; many people tend to overlook the symptoms. There are different types of breast cancers that require treatments and surgery. The course of treatment varies from patient to patient because there are many factors that can contribute to a patient’s treatment plan. Once the plan is in place, there are many things that will need to be done in order to ensure that the cancer will not return. Trying to beat cancer can be a long, extraneous, and in some cases a fatal process. Its important to catch cancer at its earliest stage. Knowing the symptoms of certain cancers may just save a life. Symptoms for cancer have a very wide variety, some indicating different types of breast cancer. Some types of cancers have very specific symptoms such as breast cancer. A very common symptom for breast cancer is a cyst on the breast. â€Å"A cyst in the breast may feel like a lump, but upon examination the lump is a small, generally harmless sac filled with fluid rather than a cancerous or benign lump of cells. You may have one cyst or many cysts that appear together.† http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/cyst-in-breast . Common symptoms for breast cancer are skin change such as swelling, redness, dimpling, change in color, or visible changes in the breast. Changes in shape of breast such as, increase in size, breast lump or thickening, change in touch, may feel hard, tender or warm; changes in nipples, such as the appearance, peeling or flaking ofShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle For Life : The Story Of A Man Who Warded Off Cancer Twice1527 Words   |  7 PagesAbdullaziz Ali The Struggle for Life: The Story Of A Man Who Warded Off Cancer Twice The two cable cars are going to and fro, loading and unloading scores of tourists. 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College Vs. High School - 1013 Words

Seniors have a tendency of taking their last year of high school for granted. They do not realize that the relaxed classes and fun filled weekends with their best friends will all soon come to a devastating end. They have applied for college, bought miniature refrigerators, and sent in their housing applications, but none of them have really thought about college in the way that they should. When asked about college most high school seniors image the huge parties, attractive people, and freedom; however, college is much more than that and, in a way, much less. College and high school are completely different when it comes to a student’s actual lifestyle, but they have many of the same traits that most high school seniors do not see coming. High school is always considered some of the best years of life. Students live with their families, see their friends almost everyday, and participate in the activities they love with the people they love. It has enough freedom for the stude nt to decide how hard they will try, but it also has just the right amount of restrictions that parents can step in to make the student work. High school also gives students many opportunities to succeed and keep letting them try again if they fail. For example, a math teacher may allow a student to retake two test throughout a semester, but if the student proves that they are trying in the class then the teacher may allow them to retake a few more tests. Also, schoolwork is not tedious or lengthy,Show MoreRelatedCollege Vs. High School858 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Vs. High School Some may think that high school and college reading and writing are similar and that it’s just the next level up but it s not, they differentiate in many ways. College reading and writing is more than that, it’s a completely different world when compared to high school. It’s much more advanced and complexed. 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Ridoran Manufactoring Free Essays

Riordan Manufacturing Compensation Plan Team B- Diana Barris, Nicole Bell, Jacqueline Chaney, Shawnda Davis, Hadeel Raouf, Kelly Tyler HRM/324 Annette Clark-Davis February 11, 2013 Riordan Manufacturing Compensation Plan Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide plastics manufacturer that is headquartered in San Jose, California. Their organization has over 500 employees and prides themselves on providing their customers with high quality merchandise to satisfy their plastics needs. They hold an ISO 9000 certification which is an organization that establishes and measures quality control. We will write a custom essay sample on Ridoran Manufactoring or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to meet or exceed the level of quality required under ISO standards, Riordan Manufacturing will need to have knowledgeable and skilled employees within their organization. To attract premier candidates for their company, the compensation plan that is designed will need to be fair, rewarding, and competitive. This paper will outline the compensation plan for Riordan Manufacturing and include an evaluation of current trends and predict future trends, internal and external equity, a wage management process and retirement plan, financial influence on the plan’s options, and discuss the methods in which the plan will be communicated to members of the organization. Key Objectives According to Martocchio (2009), â€Å"Compensation professionals promote effective compensation systems by meeting three important goals: internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognition of individual contributions† (Martocchio, 2009, p. 9). It is essential that these objectives are met to retain employees and make them feel valued and appreciated; all while functioning within the organizational budget. As Riordan Manufacturing considers themselves to be a leader within their industry, they understand that listening to the voice of their employees and remaining flexible regarding the compens ation benefits offered worth together in alignment with their company mission. As â€Å"compensation systems are changing† (Martocchio, 2009, p. 23), Riordan Manufacturing will do well o consider plans offered by their competitors so that they will remain an industry leader. Trends and Issues An evaluation of current trends and issues in the company’s total compensation shows the company meeting goals in certain areas, but needs to improve in other areas. Riordan Manufacturing wants and â€Å"will maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that our employees are well informed and properly supported, we will provide a climate focused on the long-term viability of our company. Our Future must be focused in achieving and maintaining reasonable profitability to assure that the financial and human capital is available for sustained growth† (University of Phoenix,  2013, p. 1). The company’s current trends such as the flexible benefits program, salary administration program, and the CRM system is used to help meet the organizations vision and goals, and keep the employees interested and motivated. However, technology changes each day and in today’s business world it is important to keep the company’s IT system updated to meet the demands of the customers, and the day-to-day operations. Riordan has a system to track historical sales. In the past, most sales data was recorded using paper and pencil. In the last few years, the firm has managed the information electronically† (University of Phoenix,  2013, p. 1). In the future it is best the company does an update to improve the communication between the different sites, employ ees, monitor inventory, customer demands, and sales. The company should prepare to make some changes in its current infrastructure to sustain profitability and growth within the company. Internal and External equity Internal equity is based on the employee’s values and fairness, the values, and fairness of the pay relationships within the organization. â€Å"The pay relationship within the organization has an affect on three compensation objectives. They affect the employee’s decisions to stay with the organization, to become more flexible by investing in additional training, or to seek greater responsibility† (Milkovich, 2008, p. 64). The external equity is based on how the employee sees the company’s pay structure and compensation system. What the employer pays, relative to what other employers will pay for the same type of work. The Riordan Manufacturing Company works toward a fair base system, attracting, and maintaining good workers when considering internal and external equity. Implementing job analysis, employee evaluations, work structure, pay ranges, and pay grades are ways the company endorse internal equity. Marketing surveys, supplying a competitive pay system, and salary surveys are used to implement external equity. This will allow the company to manage and implement a compensation structure that will add value and continue to make the organization successful. Wage Management and Rationale Riordan Manufacturing’s salary administration program was created â€Å"to achieve consistent pay practices, comply with federal and state laws, mirror our commitment to Equal Employment Opportunity, and offer competitive salaries within our labor market† (University of Phoenix,  2004,  p. 11). Employee compensation is based on several factors including but not limited to job analysis, evaluations, the duties and responsibilities of the job, and salary survey data on pay practices of other organizations in the same labor market to ensure Riordan’s compensation plan remains competitive (University of Phoenix,  2004). Merit-based pay adjustments may be offered for excellent employee performance. Riordan manufacturing’s salary administration program is review periodically and reconstructed when necessary (University of Phoenix,  2004). A retirement plan and how participation will be driven Riordan Manufacturing wants to make sure their employees participate in the company’s retirement plan. We will offer 401(k), Pension Plan and Profit Sharing plan. We feel that the futures of our employees are important. The way the Riordan will drive participation is by communicating clearing, emphasizing the benefits of plan participation, and to be creative. Communication is very important, using poorly or confusing materials do little to encourage plan participation. Some points to remember when communicating the plan information is to use examples that employees can relate to, keep communication brief and, use graphics like charts. Also making sure that we highlight key points will drive participation. Being creative is always a great way to encourage employees. An example would be to hold contest to promote participation. How will it be communicated? Want to promote retirement plan participation, so we want to make sure that the plan is communicated the best way possible. Since everyone works at different shits there will be different times that are available for the employees to sign up for. The discussion of the retirement plan will be in a classroom setting with a representative to explain the retirement plans that Riordan Manufacturing will offer. In these classes there will be handouts with information explaining the plan in detail and also a shorter version that will highlight the key points of the plan. In this setting this will promote participation because someone will be there to help with any questions that the employees may have and also help with the initial sign-up of the plans offered. Conclusion: Riordan Manufacturing’s goal is to maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that all employees are well informed and properly supported. Riordan Manufacturing considers themselves to be a leader within their industry, they understand that listening to the voice of their employees and remaining flexible regarding the compensation benefits offered worth together in alignment with their company mission. The company meets goals in certain areas, but needs to improve in other areas, and the current trends of the company such as the flexible benefits program, salary administration program, and the CRM system is used to help meet the organizations vision and goals, and keep the employees interested and motivated. However; the company should prepare to make some changes in its current infrastructure to sustain profitability and growth. In Riordan Manufacturing; the Employee’s compensation is based on several factors including but not limited to job analysis, evaluations, the duties and responsibilities of the job, as well as the salary survey data on pay practices of other organizations in the same labor market, to ensure Riordan’s compensation plan remains competitive. References Martocchio, J. J. (2009). Strategic compensation: A human resource management approach (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Milkovich, G. T. , Newman, J. M. (2008). Compensation (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix. (2004). Riordan Manufacturing Employee Handbook. Retrieved. from University of Phoenix, HRM324 – Total Compensation website. University of Phoenix. (2013). Week Five overview. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HRM324 – Total Compensation website. York, NY: McGraw How to cite Ridoran Manufactoring, Essay examples

Review of Acculturation Experiences Economy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Review of Acculturation Experiences Economy. Answer: Introduction Education is increasingly globalized, with the growing number of the students going abroad to study (Altbach, 2015). The education of international students in the Australia institutions through the years is growing a lot considerably and the Australia has the biggest ration of international students with that of the residential students among the leading English speaking destinations that are most desired for international students study (Altbach, 2015). While there have been several researches that has already been carried out to look at the effect of international learners, there was little research that has been carried out to examine the impact of international students on the Australian economy (Hegarty, 2014). This literature review study analyzes solicits on the perceived benefits and the drawbacks which international students have on the Australian economy. The international students particularly from the China, Malaysia together with Singapore are usually turning up in the western greater education institutions for the education given that latter half of the 19th Century. Based on Akanwa (2015) highlighted that western Christianity presented an important role whenever it came to bringing new education to Chinese which influenced the trend to the overseas education (Beine, Nol and Ragot, 2014). Based on Beine, Nol and Ragot (2014) further observed that this type of the drive to the western learning continues to be essential for the students to modernize those nations and they have grown to be essential parts to the learning opportunities which look not to be unduly influenced by the environmental or the financial problems. It has also been observed that the crisis which impacted traditional international student source nations as well as subsequent devaluing to the local currency affected on the local populations values to the savings which led to the re-evaluation of the spending plans (Hegarty, 2014). Nevertheless, this later resulted to the decrease in the spending on the luxury objects for instance holidays overseas and items that were to be paid for in the foreign exchange for example education (Hegarty, 2014). Nonetheless, despite this crisis, the demand for international education managed to remain buoyant so when higher education was identified, universities in Australia experienced a record to the foreign enrolments within this specific time. Literature scope and objective The scope of the literature will discuss will look at how international students have impacted the Australia economy, the literature will draw the advantages and disadvantages which are associated with studying in Australia for the international student. The main objective of the literature is find the Impact of International students on Australian economy' (advantages and disadvantages). The education of international student in the Australia has exploded in significance over the recent times which are currently Australian 8th largest export industry. International education has attained 3 .149 AUD billion in regards to the export income in session this has tremendously has had an effect to the Australian economy (Cohen, 2017). The boost in the important of international students to the colleges in Australia is uncomplicated compared to the domestic student who pays the fees through combination of the authorities subsidy and personal contribution, international students generally makes sense full tuition fees right to the educational institution (Hegarty, 2014). Therefore, schools in Australia are keener to attract along with retain international learners and many of the universities tend to be more frequently explicit in their wishes to improve their proportion of the full fees paid from international students. It is therefore, apparent that international students are the biggest contributors to international export revenue for the Australia wherein they create a lot more than 2 billion dollars annual (Hegarty, 2014). The Australia share to international education industry is more times bigger than it could be anticipated for any given country which generates only one percent of the country GDP. The advantage of the inbound international students into Australian universities is straightforward to recognize (Hegarty, 2014). To commence with international university education normally delivers well paid employment to the incredibly qualified individuals in Australia. They are several of the valuable roles for the academics and professional employees in the universities, the jobs that are triggered and grown. The contribution of international education work both at the state and the territory levels is noted in the table below, with international education assisting between 1 .6% and 0 .4% of all the employment at state and territory. While the export revenue are the true level of gross valuation on the activity which are related to international schooling , involvement to the GDP is widely seen as the accurate measure to the net effects of international education on Australian economy in addition to the living standards of Australians ( Smith and Khawaja, 2011 ) . Another advantage of international education spills over to the other industries of the economy. Depending on 2009 Access to Economic report revealed that more than 6.6 billion dollars each year is spent by international students on tuition and 4 .3 billion dollars on the food along with accommodation (Lillyman and Bennett, 2014). These international students are more often visited by their family and friends, so that they are most likely return to Australia once they graduate; this generates income to the country whilst they visit to their former stamping grounds. Another advantage associated with international students on Australia economy it fosters long-term goodwill and international comprehending between Australia and the nations from which the students derive from (Cohen, 2017). As a result of the facet of foresight of the strategies for example Colombo plan, which promoted the economic and the social development, many companies along with the government leaders in Asia-pacific now are alumni of the Australian universities (Cohen, 2017). These people have found memories and gratitude of their formative years they had spent in Australia. This could therefore; impact on their influence understanding of Australia which promotes the country standing in the region. Another benefit is the fact all the economic advantages are held in Australia they usually are reinvested in their education in addition to research capability. This will be significant to Australia, given that education and research are the future drivers to their efficiency and hence they might thrive (Cohen, 2017). The growth in the higher education more often than not generated wealth in the foreseeable future, along with the capability to build physical and social resources which are related to the institutions of the higher learning (Cohen, 2017). Furthermore, it has been discovered that education has attributes associated to the luxury product, wherein the brand equity that is related to the university name bears considerable prestige and possibilities for the premium pricing (Cohen, 2017). It will be far from commoditized which is not susceptible to the price dependent competition from international competitors which have lower labor rates. Additionally it is expected that the existing Australia stock of international students would definitely contribute one hundred and thirty thousand skilled immigrants to their workforce after the learners graduate (Cohen, 2017). This could signify 3% rise in the share of the Australia present workforce who posses tertiary education. Based on Deloitte Access Economics they estimated that boost in the human capital could result to the boost in the Australia GDP to approximately 8 .7 billion dollars (Scott, Safdar, Desai and El Masri, 2015). A part of this would reflect on the benefits to Australians from acquiring a lot more competent populations, and would not capture any specific potential spill over from owning former international students part of the Australian workforce , including the increased international collaborations and trade and investment links (Scott, Safdar, Desai and El Masri, 2015 ) . Furthermore, international education is paramount component to the Australia econo my, since it results in the Australia relationship with the world. Australia is regarded a destination of choice to international students because of their quality of the world class education which they offer , student experience and the rich cultural diversity in the country (Erdogdu , 2015). The individuals to individuals links which are forged through international education generate the nation to nation links which has aided them to thrive. Due to trade off of the students on the grand scale, the country is composing relationships which underpin the country long term diplomacy, trade, links in business, personal connections and cultural experience (Scott, Safdar, Desai and El Masri, 2015). The international students promote the economy of Australia at regional level with at the least 5% of international students living along with researching in the regional areas. Internationals students researching in the metropolitan areas create a vital indirect contribution to the regional economies in Australia (Lillyman and Bennett, 2014). utilizing the Victorian tourism satellite accounting framework to be the basis of the estimation, Deloitte Access Economics anticipated that every dollar which is spent on both the goods and the services by the average international students in the Melbourne, 0 .30 dollars of the indirect gross value added is generated in the regional Victoria as a result of the demand of the agricultural products as well as other linkages ( Erdogdu , 2015 ). Furthermore, overall the expenditure by international students in the Melbourne was anticipated to contribute 888 dollars in the indirect value added .Based on the Department of the Education and Training, the number of international students who are studying in the Australia broke the record in 2016 at 554, 179 international students who were enlisted in the programs in Australia that was a 10% increase from 2015. The largest number of the students came from China and India (Lillyman and Bennett, 2014). International education as a result of the rise in the number of the students generated to more than twenty one billion of the economic activity in the Australia (Erdogdu, 2015). In accordance to the Deloitte Economics the growth and the opportunity in the Australia education projects that the onshore education would grow to 940,000 students by 2025. This would have a significant impact in the Australia economy since there would be increase in foreign exchange which would result to increase in their GDP. It was also noted that the transport and the retail sector in the country was a beneficiary of international students who spent on their transport (Erdogdu, 2015). This was a boost t o the Gross value added which contributed to the 12% in the total increase in the economic output from the presence of international students. International students have contributed to the Australian economy by bringing balance through diversity. The country has embraced cultural diversities by welcoming various nationalities and cultures in their land (Erdogdu, 2015). They do not only offer the world class education, but they offer good experience to the student. International students from many countries all across the world are seeking education in Australia in order to help themselves and their countries to prosper (Devos, 2003). Concurrently, there are some mutual benefits as Australia economy is prospering through the economic contribution while studying at their institutions (Lillyman and Bennett, 2014). International students have also brought social contribution to the country. According to the research from Australian Government productivity Commissions, international students would be a major factor to contribute to economy and society in Australia (Devos, 2003). There are many international students who are studying in the country; the education industry is on the track for the growth (Erdogdu, 2015). Moreover, it gives pressure to Australian education providers to deliver a world class education and maintain the reputation as the famous destination to international studies (Devos, 2003). The broadened access to the streamlined visa processing has brought some risks to the reputation of the country in their education system. to address on this aspect, options need to be given the highest benefits to the Australia in totality and this would entails collaborations between the Australian department of Immigration and the border Protection and the Department of Education and Trainin g. Given the huge advantages Australia would gain from international students, there are some reservations in relation to increase number of international students as there are disadvantages which these students have brought in the country economy (Erdogdu, 2015). One of the disadvantage is that there are misunderstanding that international student would certainly deprive Australian students the possibility to the higher education. This continues to be linked to the fact that the capability of the universities is constrained. There are indubitably particular constraints nevertheless they apply in the financial resources. Nevertheless, international students are usually charged on the full fee basis, and they bring resources that could cover the cost which are associated to their education (Marginson, 2015). The concentration of international students in Australia has caused a negative impact on the infrastructure and the housing. One concern which has been brought by the concentration o f international students in the inner city Sydney and Melbourne is the clogged infrastructure, which adds the housing and the rental prices and this caused ghettoisation in some of the residential areas (Urban and Palmer, 2014). To make the situation worse, the regional universities are keen in making their slice of action they started in establishing the high rise glass towers campuses to the inner cities which adds rise in the pressures. According to the recent report from the property analytics organization CoreLogic they discovered out that sixty five percent of the Australia CBD residents were not Australian citizens (Urban and Palmer, 2014). In Sydney it was at 54% and at the Clayton the figure was at 50%.international students comprised to 35% of the residents who are living in Australia. The accommodation in the inner cities in Australia has been very expensive even by the world standards, and this has given unscrupulous landlords license to exploit individuals who are not a ware. Another disadvantage here is certainly a view that international students are reducing on the quality of the Australia University. This utilizes the element that international students are being admitted with lower entry specifications in comparison to the domestic students. This is based on the truth that the entry standards are usually predetermined for international students, while at the same time the local places are usually allocated depending on the supply as well as demand for the fixed number of the Commonwealth supported places. It is sometimes the case that the entry standards for these type of cohorts could differ, and not considerably. Completing for the facet of sustainability to the larger international students should enable the universities to be much selective while they are doing their intakes. The challenge now is ensuring that the boom in international student number is not undermined through the bad experience and the lack of the capacity. Marketing and messaging are crucial to attract internationals students in Australia, but they needs to be encouraged to look beyond the two main cities in the country. It has also been observed that the glamour of the tourism in the country tend to catch the attention of the politicians, but international education has been left to fetch for itself despite the economic flow impact it has had in the economy of the country (Urban and Palmer, 2014). There should be coordinated and a practical strategic oversight to oversee the potential brought by this sector and ensure its potential and financial health is taken into the consideration in the future. Another drawback is the fact international students detract from the student experience, in the sense that they cannot integrate or participate in the student life (Devos, 2003). There has been lack of the support to integrate the student body, and this has caused international students not to integrate understanding of the local students in Australia, and this aids in their education as well as preparation to an increased global economy. Additionally, it has also been observed that reliance on international student revenue can greatly corrupt the university assessment, practices as well as standards (Marginson, 2014). There are some universities which marking practices which are based on the commercial purposes and this is intolerant to the Australian academic. Such actions which undermine on their reputations will have ruinous consequences. Universities shoring short term revenue of international students would have bad consequences to the overall education in the country and adver se impact to the economy. There would be no future leaders who have develop their skills and competencies in the right channel due to the compromise of the education standards due to greed of short term commercial practices (Norton and Cakitaki, 2016). The international students are fighting back to the limited opportunities in Australia since there is stiff competition from the local students. In Australia only 34% of the Australian workplace hires international graduates (Marginson, 2014). The path to success is not easy for international students as well as the graduates in Australia. International students pays up to 400% more to the higher education courses than the local students, and this add to the struggles which are there to come to work in Australia and study. Once international and the local students complete educations they compete for the few job opportunities which are there and this conflict is not good as the locals are facing competition (Larkins, Michielsen, Iputo, Elsanousi, Mammen, Graves,Willems, Cristobal, Samson, Ellaway and Ross, 2015). According to research there are considerations in place to increase the percent of the percent of hired number of international students in the organization in the country. If this happens there are many locals who would not get jobs after graduations since there is limited opportunities in the country, which will result to many seeking employment in another country and this result to loss of the income through taxes. There are several studies which have suggested that internationals students studying in Australia universities have impacted on the economy, there are still literature gaps on how the colleagues utilize the learning style preferences that is at odds to their domestic peers (Madge, Raghuram and Noxolo, 2015). Moreover, you will discover gaps and not much literature which have pointed out the experience ranges attributed to the learning problems and concerns which affect their overall educational experience (Urban and Palmer, 2014). It is identified that the problems and the issues which problem the education of the international students have surfaced occasionally in the academic and widely used press, there is need to address on the issues which affected them in general and there is need for research to identify these issues (Urban and Palmer, 2014). Therefore, this is a research gap that can be addressed more to add the knowledge base to the existing literature. Conclusion The literature review has discussed the impact of international students on Australian economy. In the discussion it has highlighted the advantages and disadvantage of international students to the economy of this country. There has been comparative analysis which has been done in this literature through comparing different authors view point in regards to the issue addressed. Moreover, the literature has identified potential gaps in the literature which could be further research to add to the knowledge base in this topic. 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